The ion partition detected in homeopathically manufactured medicine cuprum metallicum and controls

Homeopathy is highly controversial. The main reason for this is its use of very highly dilute medicines (high homeopathic potencies, HHP), diluted beyond the Avogadro/Loschmidt limit. Research using Nano Tracking Analysis has demonstrated the presence of particles in HHPs. This study aims to verify the results of a previous publication that identified the ionic composition of these particles in all dilutions. We used Scanning Electron Microscopy & Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) to examine dilutions of a commonly used homeopathic medicine, an insoluble metal, Cuprum metallicum, for the presence of particles (NPs). The homeopathic medicines tested were specially prepared according to the European pharmacopoeia standards. We compared the homeopathic dilutions/dynamizations of copper with simple dilutions and dynamized lactose controls. We observed an ionic diversity common to all preparations including HHPs but also significant differences in the relative quantity of each ion between manufacturing lines of homeopathic copper and lactose controls. The probability that the observed differences could have occurred chance alone (especially above Avogadro limit) can be rejected at p < 0.001. The essential component of these homeopathic medicines is sodium hydrogen carbonate, modulated by some other elements and by its quantity, size and shape. Homeopathic medicines made of Cuprum metallicum do contain material with a specific ionic composition even in HHPs diluted beyond the Avogadro/Loschmidt limit. This specificity can be attributed to the manufacturing process. This material demonstrates that the step-by-step process (dynamized or not) does not match the theoretical expectations of a dilution process. The starting material and dilution/dynamization method influences the nature of these NPs. Further measurements are needed on other raw materials using the same controls (solvent and simply diluted manufacturing lines) to support these findings. The role of sodium bicarbonate must be carefully studied in the future.

The Materiality of Homeopathic Medicines. DynHom Research Program

Homeopathy is controversial because using highly dilute medicines (high homeopathic potencies, HHP) beyond the Avogadro/Loschmidt limit. Previous publications [1,2] using NMR relaxation revealed the involvement of nanobubbles and/or nanoparticles and/or nanometric superstructures in high potentizations. Nano Tracking Analyse (NTA) demonstrated the presence of particles in HHPs [3,4]. WithSEM-EDX [5] we observed an ionic diversity common to all preparations including HHPs and significant differences in the relative quantity of each ion between different homeopathic manufacturing lines and controls. FTIR spectroscopy [6] shows that the molecular composition is that of carbonates, primarily sodium bicarbonate.Methods:To observe the materiality of homeopathic medicines a multidisciplinary approach is necessary. In collaboration with several universities,we canobserve these medications with NMR, NTA, SEM-EDX, FTIR, pH,and EPA. Results:The essential component of all already studied homeopathic medicines is sodium hydrogen carbonate modulated by some other elements in a specific quantity, size,and shape. The probability that the observed results could have occurred just by random chance can be rejected(significantlyabove the Avogadro limit) p < 0,001.Conclusions:The homeopathic medicines do contain material with a specific ionic composition even in HHPs diluted beyond the Avogadro/Loschmidt limit. This specificity can be attributed to the manufacturing process. These results demonstrate that the step-by-step process (dynamized or not) does not match the theoretical expectations in a dilution process. The starting material and dilution/dynamization method influencethe nature of these NPs. The role of carbonates and sodium bicarbonate must be carefully studied in the future. Its aqueous solution is alkaline in nature but itis an amphoteric compound, which means that the compound has both acidic as well as alkaline character. The reaction with acids results in sodium salts and carbonic acid and the reaction with the basic solution producescarbonates and water. Specific electric fields are indeed detectable.

Particle characterisation of traditional homeopathically manufactured medicine cuprum metallicum and controls

Homeopathy is highly controversial. The main reason for this is its use of very highly dilute medicines (high homeopathic potencies, HHP), diluted beyond the Avogadro/Loschmidt limit. Research using several different methods has demonstrated the presence of particles, including nanoparticles of source material, in HHPs. This study aims to verify the results of a previous publication that detected the presence of particles in all dilutions. We used the Nano Tracking Analyzer (NTA) to examine dilutions of a commonly used homeopathic medicine, an insoluble metal, Cuprum metallicum, for the presence of particles. The homeopathic medicines tested were specially prepared according to the European pharmacopoeia standards. We compared the homeopathic dilutions/dynamizations with simple dilutions and controls including a soluble medicine. We observed the presence of solid material in all preparations including HHPs (except for pure water). The measurements showed significant differences in particle sizes distribution between homeopathic manufacturing lines and controls. Homeopathic medicines do contain material with a specific size distribution even in HHPs diluted beyond the Avogadro/Loschmidt limit. This specificity can be attributed to the manufacturing and potentization process. This material demonstrates that the step-by-step process (dynamized or not) does not match the theoretical expectations in a dilution process. The starting material and dilution/dynamization method influences the nature and concentration of these NPs.

Nanoparticle Characterisation of Traditional Homeopathically Manufactured Cuprum metallicum and Gelsemium sempervirens Medicines and Controls.

BACKGROUND: Homeopathy is controversial due to its use of very highly diluted medicines (high potencies/dynamisations). METHODS: We used a multi-technology approach to examine dilutions of two commonly used homeopathic medicines: an insoluble metal, Cuprum metallicum, and a soluble plant tincture, Gelsemium sempervirens, for the presence of nanoparticles (NPs) of original substance. The homeopathic medicines tested were specially prepared, according to the European pharmacopoeia standards. We compared the homeopathic dilutions/dynamisations with simple dilutions and controls. RESULTS: Using Mass Spectrometry (Single Particle-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) we could not find the expected copper in the 4cH potentisation and could not confirm the results previously obtained by Chikramane et al (2010). For Gelsemium medicines, using sensitive chromatography (HPLC-UV) up to a dilution level of 6 dH (3cH = dilution 10e-6), there was no significant difference in alkaloid content between a simple dilution and a homeopathic potency.For higher potentisations, however, NP tracking analysis findings revealed the presence of particles in all samples (except for pure water). The measurements showed large differences in particle quantities, mean particle sizes and standard deviations of the mean sizes between manufacturing lines of different starting material.There was always more material in potentised medicines than in potentised pure water. Gelsemium yielded the largest quantity of material (36 times more than that from copper at the same potentisation, 30 cH). The shapes and the chemical composition of the material are differentiable between different medicines and controls. CONCLUSION: Potentisation influences specifically the nature of NPs detected. This material demonstrates that the step-by-step process (dynamised or not) does not match with the theoretical expectations in a dilution process. The Avogadro/Loschmidt limit is not relevant at all. It was not possible to reproduce the findings of Chikramane et al (2010) using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with copper. Copper NPs could not be detected at 4cH and above.

Deux immunostimulants de la sphere ORL: thymuline et echinacea / Two immunostimulants of the ORL sphere: thymuline and equinacea

Apres un bref rappel d'immunologie destine a mieux comprendre les mecanisme mis en jeu lors d'une affection virale et/ou bacterienne, les auteurs rapportent les travaux cliniques experimentaux realises ces dernieres annees sur deux souches homeopathiques qui ont fait la preuve de leur efficacite dans la prevention des affections ORL recidivantes.(AU)

Interet et differences reciproques du granule et de la dose-globule en pratique homeopathique / Reciprocal relations and differencies of granules and globule-dosis in homeopathic practice

Un certain nombre de recherches tendent a objectiver l'activite des "hautes dilutions" homeopathiques (au-dela du nombre d'Avogadro ampere soit approximativement la 12CH) en developpant... (AU)

Recherche scientifique et gemmoptherapie / Scientific research and gemmotherapy

Les premiers travaux visant a demontrer par une recherche rigoureuse en laboratoire l'activite des macerats glycerines de tissus embryonnaires vegetaux, base de la gemmotherapie, datent des annees 1950. Depuis... (AU)

Preparation a l'accouchement par homeopathie / Homeopathic preparation to parturition

Plusieurs essais therapeutiques controles ont ete realises ces dernieres annees pour evaluer l'influence positive d'une preparation homeopathique sur le deroulement de l'accouchement... (AU)

Traitement des syndromes premenstruels / Prementrual syndrone treatment

Par la richesse de sa symptomatologie fonctionnelle et la diversite de son expression comportamentale le syndrome prementruel repond parfaitement a l'individualisation homeopathique. Outre la prescription... (AU)

Le cuivre: toxicologie, pathogenesie et applications cliniques / The copper: toxicology, pathogenesy and clinical applications

L'utilisation tres large du cuivre en oligotherapie contraste avec le peu d'indications de ce metal en homeopathie, celles-ci etant limitees bien souvent aux seules crampes musculaires. Cette apparente... (AU)

Applications des tres hautes dilutions en toxicologie / Applications of the very high dilutions in toxicology

Notre laboratoire depuis plus d'une dizaine d'annees etudie l'effet protecteur de tres hautes dilutions de metaux vis-a-vis de l'intoxication de ces memes metaux aussi bien in vivo, en evaluant la... (AU)

Applications cliniques de la recherche pharmacologique / Clinical applicartions of the pharmacological research

L'apport de la recherche pharmacologique a la therapeutique homeopathique doit d'envisager a la fois sous l'angle d'une validation experimentale des dilutions infinitesimales mais aussi d'un... (AU)

Recherche des principes actifs de Rosmarinus officinalis / Research of the active principles of Rosmarinus officinalis

Le romarin, Rosmarinus officinalis, est traditionnellement utilise dans les affections de la sphere hepatobiliaire sous forme d'infusion aqueuse ou de solutions hydro-alcooliques de degres divers. Il fait partie de la famille des Lamiacees dont plusieurs representants semblent presenter des proprietes antioxydantes particulierement interessantes. Des travaux recents ont montre, sur des modeles in vitro, que le romarin s'opposait aux consequences toxiques de la production de radicaux libres et notamment aux desordres membranaires provoques par la peroxydation lipidique

Environnement stress, anxiete et homeopathie / Environment stress, anxiety and homeopathy

Tout stress (exposition a une situation aversive, choc affectif, maladie intercurrente...) peut provoquer, chez l'homme comme chez l'animal, une rupture des relations de l'individu avec son environnement (inhibition, agressivite, desinteret...) pouvant avoir des repercussions sur l'ensemble des systemes d'integration (SNC, endocrinien, immunitaire). De plus, cet etat d'anxiete parait interferer... (AU)

Etat actuel de la recherche en homeopathie veterinaire / Actuel stage of the recherche in veterinary homeopathy

La recherche en homeopathie veterinaire s'inspire largement des travaux pathogenetiques, pharmacologiques et cliniques realises en medecine humaine. Elle s'en differencie cependant par la diversite... (AU)